The setting was added for systems that need files to be immediately written because of likely power outages without UPS, or similar concerns, not for file sharing issues. Historically, on slow serial lines of old, this delay was set to a noticable value, approaching one second.
Now, the delay can be safely set to less than milliseconds, roughly the threshold of human noticeability. Lexer was missing comment lines in FREE format, i. Please note that these are NOT compile time options, but are set during program initialization. Each run of a program can be different, depending on these settings.
An example from March of Under normal circumstances, this is not a problem. GnuCOBOL version 2 includes cobc command line options that allow custom options to be passed to the underlying C compiler during compilation, which can be used to solve most, if not all, technical challenges. More information can be found in some of the more complex example build rules used with things like the SWIG entry at.
Here is a note from massimo and Ivan on a SourceForge thread as they were coming to grips with linkage issues on Windows. Measuring performance is a rather tricky business. There are many pitfalls in gleaning accurate performance information. But for day to day ballpark estimates there are a variety of tools to sate curiousity, from simple to outright complex. More benchmarking suites will be added to this FAQ as they become known and available.
For most of the examples listed below, anagrams. Sources for this word sorting application can be found on Rosetta Code at:. The time command is one of the first level entries. These are very rough estimates, and very dependent on current system activity and a host of other factors.
Rough estimates, also limited by available resolution of measurable time slices. As shown, the code scanned for anagrams from a list of words, read in from a text file with one word per line. The gprof command is another entry level tool. These profiling feature are added by passing the -pg option to the gcc compile step when building a GnuCOBOL executable or object code.
The gcc -pg compile and link option inserts code to allow for simple function call profiling. This data is captured to gmon. Turns out the anagram sample ran too fast for gprof to pick out much data. A second level tool is the Linux kernel perf tool. It goes much deeper in analysis.
This is a kernel tool as of Linux 2. And then reporting details from the generated perf. Showing where the anagram program spent most of its time. Those details are not included in this GNU userspace run and perf gave a warning pointing that out.
There are a lot of performance measurment tools, but for anything beyond very rough estimates, there needs to be a fair investment in time and attention to detail as each sample is analysed. For Microsoft Windows, a few searches of MSDN will lead to list of official performance analysis tools that are available to developers on that platform.
These C source lines usually compile down to a few small tests or variable settings, and will have little overall impact on performance, except in the most extreme cases of number crunching applications. The anagrams. There was a wider range of timing values between various runs, then was detected by adding -debug, or not.
Unless there are mitigating circumstances, the extra protections and ability for GnuCOBOL to report exact line numbers during exceptions are well worth it, and the -debug option is recommended by the project contributors. Complexities can sometimes lead to compilation problems. But, in terms of trust, if the compilation succeeds, odds are strongly in favour of the runtime code doing the right thing. If there are problems with generated code, the problem will usually be immediately evident on initial tests.
If the compilation succeeds, and initial tests succeed, you can place as much faith in GnuCOBOL as any other complex compiler. When more faith is required, the generated C source codes can be passed through a myriad of static analysis and validation programs that are available for free and for fee. Beyond that, the generated assembler listings can be examined, and beyond that, runtime debuggers are always available.
To increase peace of mind, valgrind is a very capable tool. Almost done with the reputation disclaimers and marketing speak, but two more things needs to be addressed, and this is not unique to GnuCOBOL.
COBOL has a very specific, and rigid, view of data types, and it is sometimes tricky mapping that to non-COBOL programs with different features allowed in call frame setup.
This will be fixed, but for now, the intermediate working storage method works the best. Will properly compile and execute. The NIST testsuite passes with flying colours, the internal integrity checks during compiler builds are extensive and growing. Very carefully. The C standard is somewhat ambiguous about data types, with a few specific exceptions.
A short is at least as large as a char , possibly larger. An int is at least as big as a short , and a long is at least at big as an int. And one of the few exceptions, by standard sizeof char is 1, by definition. Sadly, by C standard char , signed char , and unsigned char are three distinct types.
Many people may assume unsigned, and that a C compiler will allow 0 thru , and not through , but you need to look at the implementation details. This author is a gcc user, and GNU C implements char as signed char. COBOL is rarely ambiguous.
By spec. So, when coding to a C long , the native system may compile 16 bits, 32 bits, or 64 bits signed by default. Only char suffers from no specified signed or unsigned default. In extreme cases you might even get an 8 bit long quantity, but by then you are likely programming embedded chips and probably know more about what you are doing than most developers.
What this all means is that mapping from COBOL to C is a little bit hit or miss and hard to get completely cross platform results without building in a knowledge base of target systems or writing a support tool that compiles native C and then modifies compiler directives to pass in COBOL preprocessor defines, or some such. One of the more notorious culprits is Microsoft C Win A pointer is 64 bits, a long int is 32 bits and a long long int is 64 bits.
By that convention I guess a bit integral value will be long long long long int , and the kids will really be up against it. Current standards are leaving the ambiguous definitions and adding more sane type names. The future may not be as bleak as long long long long int. C usually pads structures for optimal CPU performance. An 8 bit field followed by a 32 bit field will usually leave 3 bytes of padding to align the 32 field on a mod 4 base address. COBOL is not defined that way, record groups are contiguous, normally.
Yes, with a little effort in terms of the tectonics. This was only tested with Xubuntu And a reminder from Simon about the differences between static and dynamic linking in terms of licensing:. For static linking make sure to get the license dependencies right - they often differ when you want to statically link a library. In short: if you want to ship the executable as one file you will also have to provide all object files of your generated COBOL source or the source, whatever you like more as this would allow the user to relink it with a modified version.
This is not necessary if you let GnuCOBOL be installed on the system beforehand and just use this version for dynamic library loading. With a small change to the tool chain calls, the generated C files can be used to build a statically linked executable.
It comes down to using -Wl,-Bstatic and -Wl,-Bdynamic wrapped around the -lcob portion of the final compile pass. This is fairly easy to get at when using -v -save-temp options on an initial cobc compile and then capturing the steps for use in a second pass. This version wraps the -lcob and -lvbisam for a static link. All the other dependencies are left as dynamic.
The source is still passed to cobc to ensure a proper preprocessor pass and C intermediate code generation and then a second set of gcc commands is used to tweak the outcome. The result is a much larger binary with libcob. This is compared to a normal compile of:. And without changing the Makefile, as the modified commands follow an initial cobc pass, which will generate new intermediates before invoking the second phase :.
Even though this process can create shippable binaries, be wary of any and all component licensing when distributing code. Static and dynamic linking are usually treated differently when it comes to licensing obligations. Very good support for GnuCOBOL syntax highlighting, loading new file templates, and just all round great text editing. The Hessling Editor. This one should make anyone coming from the mainframe environment feel right at home. A command based terminal user interface editor packed with power.
The default cobol. A GUI editor with pseudo console features. See Kate for a more detailed write up. It turns out to be a little bit technical. There is a difference in the way that the runtime engine handles data accepted from screens and console mode. There is an extra step or two required to get numeric data from screens into properly aligned working storage. For instance, decimal point handling needs a little bit of extra code. Only a segment of the field is returned, starting at offset for the given length.
OF and IN are interchangeable aliases. See below under debug mode bounds checking for the impact of values that are outside the bounds of the current field size; either by starting at an invalid offset, or for a width that exceeds the size of the field.
The offset and length can be arbitrarily complex computations upto a compiler limit; at time of writing, 32 stacked nested operations per expression. COBOL order of precedence rules apply and parenthesis can be used to group and control the order of operations.
All parts of the computation that can be pre-calculated will be compiled in as simple literals. Parse as two different things. The first is a reference to identifier a-3 and the second is identifier a minus 3. That means code can access data outside the actual field storage area when using reference modification. That code will display the field data plus 2 character worth of whatever happens to be in memory beyond the end of the field. With cobc -debug that will cause a runtime abend:.
Invalid access will need to rely of -debug bounds checking in that case. But who wants runtime abends? Show proper care and attention when using refmod features. So keep those types of routines to a minimum. Compile those segments separately and link the object code, if the source actually requires out of bounds refmod to function properly.
Symas and Camelian are hosting a download of cbl-gdb. After you have done the tar xvf of cblgdb There are some cobc command options added that are required by cobcd. This is a custom setup script that will do its best to ensure dependencies are in place.
After system setup, type make. When that looks good, then sudo make install. The what just happened part is now sitting waiting for print and explore. All the empty gdb prompts are step commands.
GDB allows a lot of customizations and can get set up to meet personal preferences, with personal shortcuts. The source displayed will be the next step in gdb.
That print command was done after the source listing, but before the actual step into the MOVE 1. The value printed, S99V More C mixin, but still only a couple of steps worth. And let it finish up, cont being continue. This, will be a handy tool. A user defined function is treated as a separate sub-program, with all four divisions.
User defined functions must provide an explicit returning field; COBOL does not provide for void returns in user defined functions. Invoking user defined functions is always in the context of a sending field data reference being used by the current COBOL statement. Function return values are never receiving fields. A group item is allowed as a return. This is used to great effect with some of the cobweb repositories. For literal values, in source, functions get a character field view of the data, not an integer as may be assumed.
This only applies to numeric literals in source code. In the case of seeing. It is common to see values discarded using an extraneous data value. This has the implication that parameters to user defined functions cannot be constants. Even though it may be read only usage, the compiler still needs to pass by reference, and needs a slot in working store to do so. Ron wrote this utility as a command line interpreter with a small set of commands.
It can use readline for advanced terminal input if available during. This routine is for make check testing where some outputs are not fixed. Dates, times, page numbers and the like. Specially marked reference text will allow these fields to vary when comparing test program outputs. COBOL is a reserved word rich language. Makes data available from the keyboard or operating system to named data items.
Extended attributes requires WITH keyword :. Sums two or more numerics, with an eye toward financial precision and error detection. Even though it reads well as English, some programmers may assume that the TO field is being changed, when it is not.
A more concise expression might be:. There is a bug. See Sample shortforms for the sample-template listing. Will display 55 lines of output. Which gives 40 output lines. Please note: Only safe for use on character data fields. This can completely trash usage binary numerics.
Do not use character encoding transforms on numeric data or group items that include numeric data. Although small alphabets can be used to very good effect when the data range is known and validated , most ALPHABET definitions should try and fill all character encoding slots.
When tested, only data that are upper case A to Z and lower case a to z will return true, all others, including any digits 0 to 9 will return false. PIC X. Obsolete, but still supported verb that modifies the jump target for GO TO statements. Use with care. Unless you are writing a state machine engine, maybe. Reality is, 2. But, under some circumstances, may be a justified path to modify a complex system faced with new legal requirements and only a few minutes to spare before a monthly report needs to be filed.
Know it is there, and use with care and understanding. Another issue to consider is self modifying code runs counter to many modern instruction caching and predictive branch techniques, and there is always a possibilty that a new value for a jump may not be properly synched between active cache and addressable memory. Not yet implemented.
Returns the next command line argument. This post from John on opencobol. COBOL table support. But note that that is only safe for character data. Numeric fields will not always convert properly with that mechanism. The actual filename used is dependent on a configuration setting.
Under default configuration settings, filename-mapping is set to yes. As shown in the sample. Many of the device qualifiers are accepted as syntax but have no logical effect on handling. AT syntax allows for 4 digit and 6 digit values.
A rounding MODE. Not yet implemented BIT field operation. Defines unallocated working storage. The address of the variable will need to be set before access or a run-time error will occur.
A sample posted by [human]. Alias for BELL. Alias for BEEP. Native computational storage form. Details vary depending on platform. Memory will be allocated in working storage to hold result initialized to negative one thousand two hundred thirty four , as bits appropriate for the current platform and configuration settings.
This increases coverage of the plethora of open C library functions that can be directly used with the CALL verb. Defines a 64 bit usage item, stored in native form depending on configuration settings. Machines may store values with the highest order bit at the right little endian , or left big endian. Network order is big-endian which is also the form used by IBM mainframe computers.
Most Intel based personal computers use little-endian form. Will almost fit in an S9 9 or 9 9. It is a fundamental difference between base-2 and base representations. There was longstanding misinformation here, pointed out by Simon, the old, wrong documentation was S9 8. Verify it, just in case. You can only lament the tragedy that is the human machine interface, and rise to the challenge. Will fit in S9 5 , or 9 5 , but note that due to the differences in decimal and binary representations, the picture may end up with invalid decimal data.
This is dependent on the implementation of the lower level screen management library used to build libcob. A supported, but ignored, file control block control clause. The bottom margin defaults to zero lines. Can be any numeric type or value, positive or negative, integer or floating point. It accepts a string literal or a name stored in a character field identifier to resolve the control flow transfer address.
It was pointed out that this was probably off putting, and rarely necessary. So, a big editor-automated purge occurred. It changed at least one program example. Thanks to Edward Hart for spotting that one when it came up. The SIZE n modifier can help here when there are bit-width issues with integer fields. At this time, the compiler is not yet complete in coverage and some responsibility needs to fall on the programmer to ensure proper CALL frames regarding data sizes and types.
A plethora , and the standard C library is accessible without explicit linkage as a bonus. One item of note is C pointers. Especially those passed around as handles. Not for production; there is a measurable cost for a failed symbol lookup. By default CALL is dynamic. It can lead to the C compiler complaining about serious call frame assumption problems. The code may still run fine, but you are on your own if the arguments are incorrect and this can include things like assumed return value as a C int.
Changes the call frame handler. Foreign functions, C in particular, can specify void return. That means no value is placed on top of the call frame. Unless told otherwise, COBOL will assume that value is there, possibly popping it off, and corrupting, a call frame stack.
Virtual cancel of a module is supported. Physical cancel support is on the development schedule. Invokes a subprogram, with no return of control implied.
The chained program unit virtually becomes the main program within the run unit. Note that this does not pass CALL USING data, but command line arguments. In the sample run below, the chained. Dedicated to the living memory of Roger While Brian Tiffin [btiffin]. Bill Klein [wmklein] , Ganymede, Rildo Pragana,.
Simon Sobisch [human] ,. Roger While [Roger] ,. Keisuke Nishida [Keisuke] ,. Ron Norman [Ron] ,. Sergey Kashyrin [Sergey] ,. Edward Hart [Hart] ,. James K. Lowden , [James] ,. Dave Pitts [Pitts] ,. Joe Robbins [Joe] ,. Luke Smith [Luke] ,. Vincent Coen [Vince] ,. Brian Tiffin , [btiffin]. Joseph James Frantz for hosting and advocacy [aoirthoir]. Any organization interested in reproducing the COBOL standard and specifications in whole or in part, using ideas from this document as the basis for an instruction manual or for any other purpose, is free to do so.
However, all such organizations are requested to reproduce the following acknowledgment paragraphs in their entirety as part of the preface to any such publication:.
COBOL is an industry language and is not the property of any company or group of companies, or of any organization or group of organizations. Moreover, no responsibility is assumed by any contributor, or by the committee, in connection therewith. Such authorization extends to the reproduction and use of COBOL specifications in programming manuals or similar publications. Any organization using a short passage from this document, such as in a book review, is requested to mention "COBOL" in acknowledgment of the source.
Coincidentally, that motto is compilable source code. Closed, proprietary, commercial use is allowed as part of the LGPL user freedoms. Modifications to the compiler itself, if ever distributed, need to provide access to source code and be licensed under the GNU GPL. Modifications to the run time library code, if distributed to others, should also provide access to the source code of the library changes, and be licensed under the LGPL, but other redistribution models are allowed.
This ensures that no one is allowed to provide people with access to a compiler that they can't change, rebuild, and redistribute freely. If modified sources are personal, or never distributed outside an organization, there is no burden to release the source of a custom compiler. The main intents of the GPL are to ensure end user freedoms. And the LGPL code to be usable, as given, in closed run-time systems. I think. I am not a lawyer.
Any version of the compiler that is configured to use Berkeley DB beyond version 1. After installing it go to the downloads area and grab the first "official" nightly build direct from svn Please note: These are publicly accessible sites, owned by others. The 4. For example, in testsuite.
Not all. All attempted tests are passed. Over From the source code listed below, you should only have to modify Input-Output Section. TXT" Line Sequential. TXT 35 D 0. Environment Division. Input-Output Section.
Data Division. File Section. FD InFile. FD OutFile. Working-Storage Section. Procedure Division. And it all just works 1. And there is an optional build sequence being built for Tcl as an Intrinsic Function. Being able to see your compile time errors while editing your source is something I missed after I left the HPe world.
Had a problem after corrupting the recent file list. I fired off an email to Colin Duquesnoy the main author about my problem, went to bed it was nearly 1 o'clock in the morning , and found a reply in my inbox 1st thing the next morning. Was back up and coding by 8 o'clock.
Impressed by the product and the support response a 7 hour turnaround for FREE!! Would recommend it to anybody. Google may respond with a list that suits taste.
From [Roger] : Incidentally, OC has been and still is used in production environments since With some valuable help from this forum we were up and running in a few days.
We ended up changing only a few lines. As Marcr's post indicates, we found a MySql wrapper and made some minor changes to it. Starting the second week in April we were in full development of new systems for commercial use. Please accept our congratulations to the community and our gratitude for the help from the forum. For our part, the answer is yes. You may want to read an earlier thread about this.
Having worked with Cobol since the 's, my mindset is that no conversion is automatic. In our case we are not converting from a specific dialect like MF, but instead are either writing entirely new systems or are changing features making them web based for example in older systems. Why Apple changed its mind on Right to Repair Apple is giving the people what they want, while also trying to avoid government regulation.
Ingraham , By Engadget , Hardawar , Apple reportedly aims to debut a fully self-driving car in The company is reportedly narrowing its focus. The employee behind the AppleToo protest is leaving the company She reached a settlement with the tech giant regarding her National Labor Relations Board complaint. Moon , Apple's self service program will let you repair iPhones and Macs yourself This may be Apple's answer to right-to-repair measures.
Apple's colorful new HomePod mini is on sale for the first time ahead of Black Friday The latest orange, blue and yellow speakers get their first discount. Highly recommend this one. Was this review helpful? Yes No. Version: 3. I am a sucker for Enlightenment and donate, when I can, to get the latest 64bit version, helping the newer enlightenment version come to fruition.
It's using E16 at the moment. I want to warn of a User Id issue, if you're a distro-hopper like me, with an appreciation of a common uid of Post install will leave the newly created user with uid , luckily you can login graphically as root, delete that user and create a new one with uid This may put off a beginner user, but then again it is still in beta release. Hi, I recently revived a Toshiba NB Work's like a dream. I have seen many distros with enlightenment. But only here, I have the feeling that I have control over what I do.
Despite the BETA version, everything works. Elive has always looked phenomenal, and now it is up-to-date and works like a Swiss Army knife.
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